Assessment of overhead costs Essay

On the off chance that a choice was made to re-appropriate the complex assembling, at that point the overheads of the Bridgestone Industries will show noteworthy contrast and even decreases in the degree of overhead expenses. The overhead relating to the wages and advantages for the non talented work force would diminish as the redistributing of the product offering would decrease the requirement for the non gifted faculty in the limits of trucks and janitors by a little rate level. The overhead connected with the salaried faculty, including the advantages would likewise diminish as there would be no compelling reason to recruit or pay staff to take a shot at the complex line. The creation supplies overhead which incorporates creation devices, apparatuses and hardware like gloves, security goggles and pressing material and so on would likewise decrease as the complex line would not require such creation supplies whenever re-appropriated. The overheads related with the little specialized devices would likewise lessen as the requirement for such devices would never again be introduced by the complex line, if the line is to be re-appropriated to an outsider. The use of the utilities like coal, gas and power used to drive the assembling procedure of complex would likewise be wiped out as a cost. Accordingly the overhead connected with this cost would likewise be fundamentally decreased. Then again the wages of the no creation workers and the advantages gave to them probably won't decline. Any abatement in this overhead would be insignificant as the non creation workers are not extraordinarily affected by the re-appropriating of a creation line instead of the creation related representatives and faculty. Thus the censure directed on the property and the expenses would not lessen and can stay steady as the property is shared by all product offerings and as long as the other two product offerings are working, the deterioration overhead would in any case happen at a similar rate. The costs identified with steady faculty for the preparation, travel, and association portrayal would likewise extensively diminish as the quantity of staff utilized will diminish with the re-appropriating of the complex product offering. The task cost of the arrangement and course of action of new gear and hardware would not be a diminishing overhead as this cost is impact by acquisition of new gear and not by the activity of a product offering. The overhead connected with the advantages gave to workers as far as extra time installment, on an hourly premise, state joblessness and the benefits gave to representatives and work at the organization would not lessen by a noteworthy sum. Rather this cost can increment as more individuals are laid off or given early retirement if the complex line is redistributes. Correspondingly the advantages of this sort gave to the gifted hourly specialists explicitly those related with creation will likewise decrease in the long haul because of the redistributing of the complex delivering. The decrease of this overhead would be because of the decrease in the worker/work quality in the creation division which would lessen the costs of advantages for the work. Assessed Proposed Budget. So as to successfully financial plan for the year 1991, considering the complex line is re-appropriated to an outsider for make, significant suspicions must be made. These presumptions related included changing the evaluations of the dynamic creation lines at Bridgestone Industries with the steady development pattern for their individual expenses. The costs increment structure year to year because of swelling and the adjustments in the CPI file. Therefore it is essential to alter any guage figures for the particular development pattern of the expenses and incomes. It has likewise been expected that by redistributing the complex creation line, the organization can wipe out the expenses related with complex creation line work, the immediate materials utilized by the complex creation line and the overheads that were added to by the complex creation on the web. Another presumption that is made in the proposed financial plan is that despite the fact that the organization has redistributed its activities for the complex creation line. The organization is as yet selling the items by buying them from the re-appropriating organization and giving them to the car makers in the United States. Subsequently the business income is estimated despite the fact that the expenses related are wiped out and not considered. Additionally the expenses related with re-appropriating are not fused in the spending plan as they are no longer piece of the assembling/creations office. Coming up next is the proposed spending plan for the year 1991 which considers the complex creation line to be re-appropriated while no extra creation line is dropped by the Bridgestone Industries. Proposed Budget for the year 1991 USD (‘000) 1991 Sales Fuel Tanks 87,378. Manifolds 97,031 Doors 52,681 Mufflers/Exhausts †Oil Pans †237,089 Direct Material Fuel Tanks 17,693 Manifolds †Doors 17,414 Mufflers/Exhausts †Oil Pans †35,107 Direct Labor Fuel Tanks 4,788 Manifolds †Doors 3,084 Mufflers/Exhausts †Oil Pans †7,872 Overheads 1000 3,093 1500 3,229 2000 1,152 3000 768 4000 4,049. 5000 11,043 8000 2,039 9000 3,261 11000 1,650 12000 8,543 14000 4,418 43,246 The proposed spending that has been drawn up fundamentally delineates that if the organization picks to redistribute the manifolds creation line in the year 1991, at that point the organization can watch centrality decreases in its working expenses and overheads. In this way it very well may be referenced that by redistributing the complex creation line the organization can encounter cost investment funds and better income levels. The proposed financial plan for the year 1991 demonstrates that the Sales figure expanded to $237 million while the immediate material based expenses are estimated to be at $35 million. The estimate of the immediate work utilized for the dynamic creation lines would be at $7 million in particular while the all out overheads for the activity would be comparable to 2 million as it were. The overhead weight rate in the year 1991 accordingly is decreased to 307 percent with the assigned overhead for the fuel tank’s creation line at $26 million while the creation line for assembling the back and front entryways would be at around $17 million.

FORD Surname Meaning and Origin

Portage Surname Meaning and Origin The Ford last name is for the most part accepted to have begun asâ a name gave on somebody who lived close to a portage or stream crossing, from the Old English passage, which means pass or intersection. Portage may likewise have gotten from English spots named Ford, for example, Ford in Northumberland, Ford in Somerset, Ford in Shropshire, Ford in West Sussex and Forde in Dorset.â As indicated by the Dictionary of American Family Names, it is additionally conceivable that the utilization of the last name Ford emerged in a specific family as an Anglicization of one of a few Irish last names, including Mac Giolla na Naomhâ (a individual name meaning hireling of the saints) and Mac Conshmha (an individual name contained the components con, which means hound andâ snmh, which means to swim),â whoseâ final syllableâ was once wrongly thought to be the Irishâ th, meaningâ ford, also asâ ã Fuar(th)in, which means cold little passage, got from fuar, which means cold. Family name Origin: English Exchange Surname Spellings: FORDE, FFORDE, FOARD, FOORD Where in the World is the FORDSurname Found? While it began in the Netherlands, the Fordâ surname is presently generally predominant in the United States, as indicated by family name dispersion information from Forebears. Be that as it may, it is additionally to some degree regular in Chile and Columbia. The name was increasingly basic in the United States during the 1880s than it is currently, particularly in the conditions of New York and New Jersey. The Fordâ surname is presently most normal dependent on rate in the U.S. conditions of Alaska, Arkansas, New Jersey, Illinois, and Connecticut, agreeing to WorldNames PublicProfiler. Acclaimed People with the Last Name FORD Gerald Ford - 38th leader of the United StatesTennessee Ernie Ford -  American recording craftsman and TV hostJohn Ford -  American Academy Award-winning executive, most popular for WesternsGlenn Ford (Gwyllyn Samuel Newton Ford) - Canadian-brought into the world American actorHenry Ford -  American industrialist andâ founder of the Ford Motor Company Lineage Resources for the Surname FORD Passage Surname DNA ProjectOver 300 individuals have joined this DNA last name venture which utilizes Y-DNA, mtDNA and autosomal DNA to sort out different Ford lines back to basic progenitors. Regular English Surnames: Meanings and OriginsLearn about the four sorts of English family names, in addition to investigate the significance and birthplace of the 100 most basic English last names. Passage Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is nothing of the sort as a Fordâ family peak or emblem for the Ford surname. Coats of arms are allowed to people, not families, and may legitimately be utilized distinctly by the continuous male line relatives of the individual to whom the escutcheon was initially conceded. FamilySearch - FORD GenealogyExplore more than 4 millionâ historical records and heredity connected family trees posted for the Ford last name and its minor departure from the free FamilySearch site, facilitated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. FORD Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb has a few free mailing records for analysts of the Fordâ surname. DistantCousin.com - FORD Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and ancestry joins for the last name Ford. The Ford Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse parentage records and connections to genealogical and chronicled records for people with the famous last name Ford from the site of Genealogy Today.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket release), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Internet Addiction an Escape from Reality Essay Example

Web Addiction: an Escape from Reality Essay Web Addiction: An Escape from Reality With the making of an online world comes the making of new issues. The extraordinary system framework known as the Internet has took into account enormous advances on the planet, while making intense issues also. Maybe one of the most widely recognized of these negative issues is Internet Addiction Disorder, or IAD. Specialists Aviv Weinstein and Michel Lejoyeux characterize Internet enslavement as being â€Å"characterized by unnecessary or ineffectively controlled distractions, inclinations or practices in regards to Internet utilize that lead to hindrance or misery (Weinstein Lejoyeux, 2010). One reason this issue is so pervasive, is the way that it envelops countless online exercises which can prompt it. For instance, one of the most well-known reasons for this issue is sex entertainment fixation. This can regularly prompt different issues, for example, negative conjugal connections or sexual dependence. Different addictions brought about by or identified with IAD incorporate betting dependence, gaming fixation, online connections, abuse of long range interpersonal communication, and others. At present, Internet compulsion is anything but a therapeutically perceived confusion, so analysis can frequently be troublesome. This is on the grounds that it is frequently obscure whether Internet fixation is being brought about by something different. Numerous clinical experts accept that Internet fixation ought to be viewed as a bonafide issue, yet contentions over causality have kept it from being perceived as an independent condition (Weinstein Lejoyeux, 2010). Notwithstanding the manner in which it is seen, Internet habit has clear antagonistic consequences for the individuals encountering it, yet treatment is conceivable. Since the confusion isn't authoritatively perceived, finding is regularly abstract. Be that as it may, an article in a 2010 issue of the diary Addiction proposes a demonstrative measures for IAD. In light of clinical experience and studies, eight essential manifestations of IAD were resolved. These side effects are appeared in the accompanying rundown, taken from Addiction: 1. Distraction: a powerful urge for the web. Considering past online action or expectation of the following on the web meeting. Web use is the prevailing movement in every day life 2. Withdrawal: showed by a dysphoric state of mind, uneasiness, fractiousness and weariness following a few days without web movement 3. We will compose a custom paper test on Internet Addiction: an Escape from Reality explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Internet Addiction: an Escape from Reality explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Internet Addiction: an Escape from Reality explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Resistance: stamped increment in web utilize required to accomplish fulfillment 4. Hard to control: steady want or potentially ineffective endeavors to control, cut back or cease web valuable 5. Dismissal of unsafe results: proceeded with over the top utilization of web regardless of information on having tireless or intermittent physical or mental issues prone to have been caused or exacerbated by web utilize 6. Social interchanges and interests are lost: loss of interests, past side interests, amusement as an immediate consequence of, and except for, web utilize 7. Lightening of negative feelings: utilizes the web to get away or ease a dysphoric state of mind (e. g. sentiments of weakness, blame, nervousness) 8. Avoiding companions and family members: double dealing of real costs/time of web association to relatives, advisor and others The article inside the diary subtleties an investigation including this determination measures. 408 patients were admitted to a clinic for obsessive Internet utilize controlled by the previously mentioned side effects. One year in the wake of being discharged from the clinic the patients were reconsidered, and by far most no longer met the measures for IAD. Be that as it may, IAD stayed common in an extremely modest number of patients, the vast majority of whom experienced another maniacal issue, for example, character issue or schizophrenia (Tao, Huang, Wang, Zhang, Zhang, Li, 2010). In view of this investigation, it turns out to be difficult to deny that IAD is a genuine condition. Notwithstanding, it is regularly hard to decide if somebody is genuinely experiencing IAD. The past rundown of manifestations was dictated by a gathering of clinical experts in China, and this measures may change contingent upon where subjects are being tried. For instance, rules for determination might be diverse in the United States contrasted with European or Asian nations. There are many test and polls accessible to take to decide whether IAD might be available in an individual, the most usually utilized being Youngs Internet Addiction Scale, condensed IAT. Others incorporate the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS), Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS), and the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ). These tests endeavor to decide side effects of Internet habit and their connection to mental and social wellbeing. These tests, be that as it may, are not constantly precise. Issues that can happen with any test or poll become possibly the most important factor when utilizing this technique, for example, deceitfulness, misjudging the inquiry, or inadequately worded questions. One of the reactions of these tests is that a few inquiries don't identify with fixation, and in this manner ought not be utilized in the assurance of IAD. It frequently gets hard to figure out what Internet enslavement genuinely is in these cases, as an individual may show addictive conduct towards one explicit movement (I. . erotic entertainment, gaming) and no others (Weinstein Lejoyeux, 2010). The way that IAD includes these various addictions, for example, erotic entertainment enslavement, gaming dependence, person to person communication habit, and so on , gives more fuel to the contention that IAD may not be an independent issue, yet rather a general term to depict at least one of these. Notwithstanding, straightforwa rd web surfing frequently advances into an addictive conduct which is perceived under IAD, and this movement must be characterized under IAD. Despite the fact that offering similitudes to what we may think about run of the mill addictions, for example, medication and liquor compulsion, IAD is quite unique in that it happens totally inside the brain. Physical issues can emerge out of IAD, however the turmoil itself does exclude genuine physical fixation. The subject of why IAD happens then emerges. Like some other fixation, certain individuals might be inclined to encounter IAD. For instance, numerous demeanors for habit are hereditary, others are resulting from youth injury. In the event that an individual is inclined, or liable to create compulsion (paying little heed to what kind), the possibility of IAD is available. The possibility for dependence depends completely on the individual and a blend of stressors. In the event that the stressors trigger at a particular time in a people life, while the movement is happening, the conduct may get addictive. For this situation, if the Internet is being utilized as a discharge when the stressors trigger, online action may expand which, thusly, gets the opportunity to develop into IAD (Ferris, 1996). IAD shares likenesses with different addictions, particularly on a conduct level. The Internet, for this situation, turns into a break, or an approach to adjust ones state of mind by dismissing this present reality. The Internet permits the person to encounter a transitory high, as it were, by permitting support for wanted and frequently unnatural for the individual encountering it. For instance, an individual who is timid may show an exceptionally extraverted character on the Internet so as to meet others. They can become somebody extraordinary, conceivably with characteristics they wish they had themselves. This experience is frequently remunerating for these people, as they might be acknowledged online in manners they are not, all things considered. This can prompt abuse of the Internet, which can prompt IAD, in which the individual consistently needs to be on the web, or experience life as their online self continually (Duran, 2003). This wonder of relating to an online character exists vigorously inside the territories of internet gaming dependence and web based dating. Web based gaming enslavement, when identified with IAD, as a rule includes games known as Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games, or MMORPGs. Inside these sorts of games, players make a character which will exist in an online world, which regularly shares extremely significant similitudes with this present reality. For instance, MMORPGs, for example, World of Warcraft, Rift, and EVE Online all gloat their own in-game monetary framework including banks, stores, and other money related administrations. Players can associate with one another, visit, and complete journeys together, in addition to other things. The connections experienced in these online universes frequently replace connections in reality, which can make the individual become against social. The ID of a person with an in-game character is unquestionably a huge factor in gaming fixation. MMOPRGs for the most part take into consideration a character to continually advance, and this advancement never yields a true prize, just in-game. For somebody encountering IAD, this can make them put some distance between the real world, as it were. This can cause in-game energy just as in-game disappointment to be displayed as true feeling (Smahel, Blinka, Ledabyl, 2008). Different MMORPGs, for example, Second Life, center more around the player to player connections than the part of interactivity. Instead of giving the player journeys to finish or destinations to achieve, Second Life acquaints the player with a virtual existence where nearly anything can happen, similarly as it would, all things considered. Players make and alter a symbol, and are then dove into what is truly a virtual life, which they can live in any capacity they see fit. This can remember going to class for the game, getting hitched, purchasing a house, and having a vocation and going to

Health Sciences and Medicine Chapter Questions - 2750 Words

Health Sciences and Medicine Chapter Questions (Term Paper Sample) Content: Student NameProfessor NameSubjectDateHealth Sciences and Medicine Chapter Questions2/2: Planning Your Needs Assessment; Logic models; SMART objectivesThe New Orleans City is one of the areas that has experienced various problems that arise from the 2005 Katrina storm. The city has various needs that can be propagated in the economic, social, and political perspective. The assessment of the attitudes of this population towards different needs determines the effectivity of service provision by the government. Since the devastation of hurricane Katrina, New Orleans has made tremendous effort towards the rebuilding of its infrastructure and assessing the social and health requirements of its population. The determination of the social, educational, and economic needs of the city is vital for its progress. According to the 2013 national census, the city has an estimated population of 378,715 people, which was an increase compared to the 2010 population of 343,829 people. A ccording to the 2009 to 2013 data, the per capita income of the residents in the last 12 months is estimated at $26,500. The median household income in the period is $37,146. The number of people that live below the poverty line is estimated at 27.3%, in the period between 2009 and 2013. The number of people below the age of 5 years as in 2010 was 6.4%. The persons below the age of 18 years are represented as 21.3% and those who are 65 years and over are 10.9%. The percentage of the females as in 2010 was 51.6% and the males are 48.4%. The number of Hispanics in the city was estimated at 5.2% as in 2010. According to the 2010 census, the white people that live in the area are estimated at 33.0%, while the back or African-Americans alone are estimated at 60.2%. The American Indians are 0.3%, while the Asians alone are 2.9%. Individuals who have two or more races are represented by 1.7% of the population. The educational profile is composed of 84.5% of individuals who graduated high s chool or higher. The individuals with a Bachelors degree is estimated at 33.7%. The number of foreign-born individuals is estimated at 5.9%. The percentage of the population that speaks a language other than English is estimated at 9.8%. The population of New Orleans City is likely to have needs that relate to health, poverty, housing and education. According to the census, the home ownership rate is estimated at 47.3%. This value indicates that a majority of the residents do not have their own homes. The housing available is expensive, with a median value of $183,700. About 27.3% of the population live below the poverty lines. This factor has led to the inability to access proper social services such as health and housing. Despite the high population that access the high school or graduate education, most of the people do not further their education to the bachelors degree. The racial groups that are in particular focus are the black and the African American population. Despite the ir high population, they do not access these services in their city. The black owned firms in the city are only 28.9% as in 2007. This value indicates a low level of business ownership which can propagate to low income and high poverty levels. Therefore, the realization of the need for education, health, and housing for the city are the major areas that require to be assessed. 2/10: Implementation planning questions; Quantitative Assessment MethodsThe stakeholders in the vignette are the commanding officer of the military command of the East Coast. The other stakeholders are the military families, and the national media. Objective 1. To assess the effect of fighting on the emotional capability of the soldiers.Objective 2. To assess the issue of substance abuse and domestic violence in the military families.Objective 3. To assess the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in the military personnel.Key question 1. Does military fighting affect their emotional capability? Key que stion 2. What is the prevalence of substance abuse and domestic violence in the military families?Key question 3. Does the military fightings predispose the military personnel to PTSD? Post-traumatic stress disorder is a psychiatric disorder that is common in the current population. The disorder occurs due to the trauma that is experienced during an individuals prior period of exposure to a traumatic event. An individual experiencing the trauma exhibiting an alteration in conscience that drives them to become self-limiting by altering their normal activities. Kin the military situation, the casualties that are experienced predispose the soldiers to alteration in perception that makes them to engage in activities to handle the trauma. The individuals are likely to become violent or abuse substances to cope with the situation. The resources required include human, financial and physical resources. The human resources will include the personnel that will carry out the needs assessment and the consultants in the field of psychiatry. The other resources required are finances to facilitate transport and data collection. Time resources and mailing services are required to allow for the complete circulation of information. The equipment includes recorders, printing equipment, computers etc. The sociocultural and the sociopolitical issues considered by the CO will include the media requirements, the privacy concerns, and the personal concerns of the military men. Some of the military personnel may not accept to be subjected to the research because they feel that their privacy is invaded. The media on the other hand may distort the information, hence negatively impacting on the military image. The age and titles of the respondents should also be considered. The personnel, higher in the rank may respond differently to those lower in the rank. The image of the military also require to be protected through containing the media. The community sensitivity to the military mat ter will be in proportion to their literacy levels. Therefore, the literacy aspect of educating the respondents on the assessment is a necessity. 2/17: Program presentations; Quantitative Data Preparation Statistical Analyses; Exam reviewVignette Question 2The personal and social backgrounds of the mentally ill patients are a lack of belonging that is characterized on both a physical and psychological aspect. The homeless people are mostly poor people who may not afford the cost of housing. They end up obtaining mental illnesses that are associated with a high level of substance abuse and poor health. Substance abuse has been a major cause of mental illness in the homeless people because they consume it without control and to cope with their situation. Some of the homeless people have families but they are unable to live with them because of social neglecting. They end up in the streets in order to survive the harsh family neglecting. Vignette Question 3Their psychological service needs include social acceptance and psychiatric support. Most of these mentally ill homeless people do not access sufficient support in managing their problem. This arises from the lack of money and adherence to the schedules. They also suffer neglect due to the frequent stigmatization and improper judgment of other people. Item Development Question 1Quantitative. What is the right age for the beginning of a mentoring program for the adolescents?10 years14 years18 yearsBelow 10 yearsAbove 18 yearsQualitative. In your view, what is the best age to begin a mentoring program for the adolescents?3/10: Qualitative Assessment MethodsQuestion 1Key question 1. QuantitativeKey question 2. QuantitativeKey Question 3. QualitativeKey Question 4. QualitativeKey Question 5. Qualitative Question 2For key question 1, descriptive analysis will be used. The question is a quantitative data question that can be analyzed by the determination of the proportions, measures of central tendency and correlati on coefficients. The measures of central tendencies that can be used include mean, median and modes. The average number of women who have heard of the early childhood program can be obtained and the mean can be used as a measure of analysis. The median and modes can provide the measures of the frequency of appearance and the projected middle value of the women. The key question 2 can be measured by measures of dispersion and coefficient correlations since it requires quantitative data. The measures of dispersion will include means, modes and medians in the values provided. The variances can be calculated from the mean and the standard deviations obtained. The variance can show how the score varies around the mean. Key question 3 will require the inferential statistics for analysis. The inferential statistics will show the variances around the mean, the frequency data, and the correlation coefficients. The representative sample will be used in the determination of the confidence leve ls of the needs assessment. The probability of occurrence forms a major component of the confidence levels of the data.Key question 4 and 5 will require the inferential statistics and the coefficient correlations. The inferential statistics will provide the probabilities for the understanding of early childhood in the teenage mothers. The coefficient correlations will provide the relationship between these mothers and their own mothers. These values will eventually form a basis of determining the relationship between mothers and children emotional, physical, and mental needs. 3/17: Strategies ActivitiesVignette 3. A National Pre-school Preparation Program How to spend the increased program funding.The most appropriate method for these needs assessment is the secondary data method. I chose...

Development of American Colonies - 771 Words

The development of the American colonies had six different factors contributing to it. They were the Enlightenment, European population explosion, Glorious Revolution, Great Awakening, mercantilism, and Religious tolerance. The Enlightenment was a cultural movement that challenged the authority of the church in science and philosophy while elevating the power of human reason. One of the most influential Enlightenment writers was John Locke. He argued with the church that people were not born with sinful minds. He believed that their mind was shaped by society and education, which made people better. Baron Montesquieu, another writer, contributed to American colonies by creating our three political powers: Executive,†¦show more content†¦Also, people who could vote did not have to be members of a Puritan congregation, but only had to own land. This charter also granted freedom of worship to Anglicans living in Massachusetts. The Great Awakening was a revival of religious freedom. The central idea of this was having an internal emotional experience that brings one to God. George Whitefield arrived in Philadelphia in 1739. He was an Anglican Minister who was influenced by Methodism and heShow MoreRelatedFederal Government of the United States and Territorial Expansion1101 Words   |  5 Pagesby Puritans influence the political, economic, and social development of the New England colonies from 1630 through the 1660s? (Form B) 1. The issue of territorial expansion sparked considerable debate in the period 1800–1855. 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Assignment Sample on Comparative Study Apple & COFCO

Sustainable Operations and Global Supply Chains Introduction Operations Management refers to a process of controlling, designing, and overseeing the business operations related to the production of products and services (Andrews, 2011). Each of the companies attempt to adequately perform this aspect of the business activities so as to attain a competitive advantage over other companies at a global level. Strategic operations and resources are managed to make sure that each of the business operations is efficient and effective in meeting the preferences and demands of consumers. The following report compares and contrast the Apple and COFCO on how they have managed their strategic resources and operations to achieve a competitive advantage in respect to: sourcing of raw materials, global manufacturing strategy, their people, sustainability, global supply chains and logistics models through to delivering goods and services to customers. Both the concerned companies are considered to be the leaders in their respective industry and have been conducting their business since 1949 for COFCO and 1976 for Apple. Apple Inc. is an American multi national company that is known for the development of iPad, iPhone, iPod, and the personal computers. Each of the products offered by the company are combined with innovative marketing strategies which has provided the company with a continuous market for its products. Apple Inc. was founded by Stephen Wozinak and Steven Jobs and became the historys one of the most valuable company in 2012 in the terms of global market capitalization. On the contrary to this, COFCO, China Oil and Food Corporation, is the largest supplier of diversified services and products within China, belonging to the agricultural food industry. The mission of the company is to adequately provide and feed the China, which is the worlds largest population, with its affordable and quality products and services. Bot h the companies have been highly successful in reaching the global audience; however the ways and the strategies that has supported each of them differentiate in certain contexts. The following report highlights these differences and outlines the key strengths and weaknesses of company regarding the way they have managed their strategic resources and operations to achieve a competitive advantage. Compare and Contrast The management of strategic resources and operations has emerged as one of the key business practices responsible for the long term establishment and sustainable development of companies at a global level (Andrews, 2011). Both the concerned companies Apple and COFCO have been engaged in different strategies and operations to attain and achieve the outlined objectives. Where Apple is associated with Information Technology Industry, COFCO with the food processing, thus the raw materials and resources required by each of these companies differ highly. This difference is clearly evident form the difference in the target market or audience of each of the companies. Sourcing of Raw Materials Each of the companies is strongly established and highly reputed, mainly because of their reach globally. Because of the difference in locations and target markets, each of these companies utilizes different raw materials and even chooses different sourcing techniques. Considering, Apple Inc., it has been found that the companies key suppliers are located in China and United States of America. The company is found to import its raw materials from Chinese suppliers and consumes the same in large amounts. The company does not look for affordability but to the quality of the same as it is considered to be one of the premium brands of the world, thus it is essential that each of the products is manufactured from quality resources and techniques. Through utilizing globalization as the base of raw materials sourcing, the company attempts to reach two of its overall objectives. The first objective to develop a stronger relationship with its global supply chain network, and the next is to ke ep track of the changing technology and source in the most advanced one (Cachon and Terwiesch, 2011). The global establishment of company has offered the company with some quality suppliers and quality raw materials. However, importing the raw materials from China is much costlier and lengthier process, the company believes that the return on investment is much higher. The company is not cost sensitive regarding the raw materials sourcing, thus attempts to reach the suppliers with most advanced technological platforms and aspects. This strategy helps the company to keep in touch with each of its suppliers and making its supply chain network well aware that the company is determined and committed towards its suppliers as a partner. In contrast to Apple Inc., COFCO sources the raw materials from local suppliers so as to be cost effective and invest the saved money on other entrepreneurial activities. The company is focused on protecting the global resources so as to reduce the consumption of raw materials and increase the rate of utilization of the resources. The company attempts to execute the lean management practices so that the use of resources is kept minimal and the output is maximal (Van Mieghem, 2010). The company has been engaged in numerous projects and strategies to ensure that each of the products and services of the company is affordable enough. The company operates from the fields all the way up to the dinner table, thus requires some of the very basic raw materials. Thus, it becomes essential for the company to have access to the food processing and agricultural value chains. The company believes that to develop sustainably and achieve long term establishment in the global market, it is important to provide the people with quality products and the quality products can only be produced, if the company has a fully integrated value chain. Where the company of Apple Inc. tries to utilize the global supply chain network, the COFCO is primarily relied on just the Chinese suppliers for raw materials. This difference in the sourcing of raw materials clearly explains the different target market for companies (Andrews, 2011). Apple Inc. is focused on addressing and meeting the needs of youth and business professionals, whereas COFCO attempts to reach the adult and family segment of the consumers. The difference in the raw materials sourcing is also due to the different organizational culture and objectives. Global Manufacturing Strategy Apple Inc. has been dominating the global portable media industry with its diverse and innovative products. The global manufacturing strategy of Apple is to offer the global audience with a diverse and unique range of products, so that the different preferences and needs of the people can be met adequately. The key reason behind the differentiating product line of company is that the manufacturing, design and engineering is controlled by just one source. However, the company attempts to make the use of global supply chain network, the key production or manufacturing processes of company are conducted in the country of China. The design developers and engineering of Apple mainly comes up with the product ideas in the United States, but the overall manufacturing of the products or devices is performed by two of the worlds largest Information Technology Solution companies. These companies include Inventec and Foxoconn, each located in the country of China. The key reason behind manufacturing the products in the country of China and not in the United States is the comparatively lower labor costs in the China. However, the raw materials sourcing is a costlier process for the company, Apple attempts to keep the labor costs as least as well and utilize the saved revenue for technological development in each of its products. Since, the China has worlds largest population, the production in the same location helps the company to directly reach and meet the needs and preferences of people. China is also considered to have one of the worlds stable and strongest economy, thus offering the company with maximal profits and high productivity. Apple also utilizes the expertise and other support from the IT professional companies, including AT T for both the production and launching processes. However, this practice of company may raise the problem of information security for the company, the company attempts to develop a better and stronger relationship with each of its business partners. The key feature if Apples global manufacturing strategy is that it manufactures the chips for each of its products itself. The company has also complete control over the proprietary retail stores, a nearly closed ecosystem, and software standards, thus making the manufacturing or production processes of the company effective and efficient. The global manufacturing strategy of COFCO is inclusive of diverse and significant aspects. With each production and manufacturing processes, the company attempts to strengthen its control over production process, food security, food safety, and employee development. The company has been utilizing advanced food safety management technology within each of its manufacturing and production processes to make sure that the final products are of prime quality. The company also conducts regular inspection and monitoring activities systematically on control risks and every control point so that there is no scope of mistakes or failures of the machinery. The complete production and manufacturing process is performed in China so as to keep the labor costs least possible. In todays era of globalization, it can be perceived as a achievement to have 95 percent of the companys subsidiary enterprises in food industry acquiring accreditation for ISO 9001 Quality Management Systems and 100 percent of the same acquiring HACCP accreditation. Each o these global manufacturing strategies have helped the company to make sure that each of its products and services is produced in monitoring or supervisory of a standardized and systematic safety and quality management system. The company has also outlined certain guidelines for the risk control and food safety on the basis of the requirements of associated regulations and legal provisions. Throughout the manufacturing and production processes, the company makes use of the modern management standards and best practices in each supply chain so as to adequately recognize the key risk features and the significant links of industrial chain. The company with time has been able to attain seamless linkages in between the different parts or departments of company associated with production and manufacturing processes. Examples of COFCOs reach and operations include: COFCO straddles the entire agricultural and food processing value chains. It operates from the dinner table all the way back up the fields COFCO is a Fortune 500 company COFCO tomato operations productions produce 500 000 metric tonnes of tomato paste a year which is enough to fill over 1.3 billion 375g bottles COFCO has a tea production of 50 000 tonnes a year this equates to around 33 billion teabags per year COFCOs three rice facilities can produce 2250 tonnes of rice a day COFCO products are purchased by 93 per cent of Chinese households The above made arguments clearly demonstrate the difference in the global manufacturing strategy of each of the companies. Where Apple Inc. seems to be more focus on the technological advancements and providing the people with diverse product line, COFCO is focused on ensuring quality production processes. The company of Apple believes that through offering diverse products and launching products in each of the segment of IT industry, the company can easily meet the different needs and requirements of people. In contrast to this, being associated with different sectors already, the company believes that it is the quality of product that must be maintained and taken care of, if customer satisfaction and stronger customer base is to achieve. The key similarity between the global manufacturing strategies of both the concerned companies is the location of their key production plant. Both the companies have established their production or manufacturing plants in the country of China because of the cheap labor in nation, cheaper taxes, advanced technology, strong economy, and access to world largest population. As stated earlier, both the companies are considered to be the global leaders in their respective field, thus to maintain this position in a highly competitive global market, each of the company attempts to make use of the access to worlds largest population. Apple through its diverse product line and COFCO with its quality products attempt to influence the buying behavior of people and earn maximal profits. People People within both the companies are considered to be a valuable and significant asset as each of the employee and stakeholders highly contribute in each of the decisions and strategies formulated by the companies. Where Apple Inc. has 3,300 temporary and 72,800 permanent full time employees all around the globe, COFCO has over a million employees in multiple locations all around the globe. Since, it is the employees that deal with the companys customers personally; both the companies have been attempting to provide each of its employees with significant opportunities, financial and non financial. Both the Apple Inc. and COFCO has a strong global establishment, thus require a large number of employees to adequately conduct diverse business activities and practices. Apple Inc. is considered to be the first company to integrate multiple products as one and the company argues that this has been possible more due to the commitment of its work force and less due to the technological advancements. The company has been encouraging and working for the employee career development so as to make sure each of its employees not just grows as a professional, but also as a person. The company has been found to utilize and conduct different programs and facilities for its employees so that the company can gain a better understanding of its employees needs and requirements. The determination of company and enhancement in the level of communication with its employees has really paid off for the company and for the employees. Apple Inc. once stated that with its expansion and increasing global reach, the company is focused on providing each of its employees with significant opportunities to make sure that they are treated and addressed with dignity and respect. It is a well known fact that more a company attempts to develop better relationships with its employees, more are the chances that the strategic resources and operations will be managed adequately (Drew et al., 2010). It is not a computer program or IT tool that itself looks over the operations and practices of the company, it is the employee who is held responsible for the same. Thus, the company attempts to provide its employees with effective training and coaching sessions so as to empower and improve them and their lives. Apple has also outlined certain provisions, under which the company attempts to make the people and other associated stakeholders well aware of their responsibilities towards the companys employees. The company believes that it is not just the responsibility of employees to respect the companys stakeholders, but each of the stakeholders also must treat the companys employees ethically and fairly at all times. The company through OHS attempts to provide its employees with an adequate, healthy, and safe work place environment. Other than this, to make use of the employees talents and skills, the company has developed certain career development opportunities for its employees, so that they keep growing and the company grows simultaneously. Similar to the Apple, COFCO also attempts to be respectful and ethical towards each of its employees as it believes that the companys development is also closely associated with the growth of its employees. The company provides its employees with significant career development opportunities that the company believes bring more opportunities to the company for sustainable development. The company seems to be focus more on a diversified employee composition within its organizational structure so as to make sure that each of its sector or department is incorporated with highly skilled and talented employees. Through developing production plantation bases, contracted planting, and other methods, the company has been trying to develop a diversified work force, so that the different skills and intellectuality of the employees can be utilized for targeting different purposes for the company. Most of the practices of COFCO towards its employees are similar to that of Apple as it ensures labor security and also provides its employees with some benefits, in response to their consistent performance. The company also focuses on the prevention first approach, so that the there can be consistent refinements in the labor safety and occupational health management practices. This isalso one of the key reasons behind people attempting to get associated with COFCO. The company has been successful in reflecting itself as an adequate employer through outlining certain performance appraisal and beneficial systems for its employees. Sustainable Operations and Global Supply Chains Sustainability Sustainable development has become one of the key objectives of each of the companies today, irrespective of the industry or market it belongs to. Both the concerned companies, Apple and COFCO again seem to be similar in their strategies to achieve sustainable development. It is a well known fact that the companies which manage its resources and operations efficiently are more likely to succeed and sustainably develop in todays highly competitive global market. However, both the companies differ in their perception towards sustainability. Apple Inc. believes that sustainability refers to the ability to maintain its business at a certain level or time, whereas COFCO defines the term sustainability as the conservation of an ecological balance through preventing the decrease in the natural resources. This difference in the perception is primarily due to the industry each of these companies belongs to. However, as stated earlier, both the companies seem to utilize the same strategy to sustainably develop and grow at an international level. Apple and COFCO consider quality as the key to success, which is clearly evident from the strategies and way they have adopted for the sourcing of raw materials and manufacturing processes. Both the companies have outlined certain Corporate Social Responsibility policies and provisions. These provisions and policies help the company to make each of its employees well aware of the practices and codes that must be complied with within each of their duties, so that company can establish itself for a longer period of time at a global level (Christensen and Overdorf, 2010). The vision and mission of the companies are broad and attempt to attain global success, rather than earning profits from regional markets. The strategies adopted by the Apple to attain sustainability include innovation, heavy investments in R D, compliance with CSR, enhancing customer satisfaction, recruitment of talented employees, expanding the global reach, and enhancing the technological support. Similarly, the strategies adopted by the COFCO for attaining sustainable development include quality products, compliance with CSR, increasing the customer satisfaction level, decreasing the consumption of raw materials, and enhancing the rate of utilization. It is evident from the above made arguments that even if the company perceives the term sustainable differently, the level of commitment and determination is quite similar. Both the companies are attempting to influence the peoples consumer behavior through aligning the management and production processes in alignment with their preferences and needs. Global Supply Chains Apple and COFCO are two of the worlds largest companies, thus require a large amount of materials and resources before initiating the production and distribution processes. It is evident that both the companies have been conducting the complete production processes in the country of China so as to make use of the cheaper labor costs, cheaper taxes, large population, and technological advancement. However, both the companies have been facing certain challenges in managing their global supply chain network and thus, utilize different logistics models. Although the key production plant of Apple is located in China, the raw materials come from different corners of the world, including Canada, USA, Mexico, Brazil, Germany, France, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan. China and Japan are two of the key supply chain bases for Apple, and because of being close to each other, it is easy for Apple to manage the suppliers pretty well. However, the same is not so easy for the suppliers established in other nations. Thus, the company attempts to communicate and interact with each of its supply chain consistently, so that it can develop better relationships with its overall supply chain network, and utilize the most advanced and modern technology within each of its business activities (Anupindi et al., 2010). The global establishment of company has offered the company with some quality suppliers and quality raw materials. However, importing the raw materials from China is much costlier and lengthier process, the company believes that the return on i nvestment is much higher. The company is not cost sensitive regarding the raw materials sourcing, thus attempts to reach the suppliers with most advanced technological platforms and aspects. This strategy helps the company to keep in touch with each of its suppliers and making its supply chain network well aware that the company is determined and committed towards its suppliers as a partner. The design developers and engineering of Apple mainly comes up with the product ideas in the United States, but the overall manufacturing of the products or devices is performed by two of the worlds largest Information Technology Solution companies. These companies include Inventec and Foxoconn, each located in the country of China, thus, making it easier for the company to adequately manage its global supply chain network. As COFCO operates from the fields all the way up to the dinner table, it requires some of the very basic raw materials. It is essential for the company to have access to the food processing and agricultural value chains and thus, work towards attaining long term and stronger relationships with its supply chain network in the global market (Chandler, 2012). Where the company of Apple Inc. tries to utilize the global supply chain network, the COFCO is primarily relied on just the Chinese suppliers for raw materials. Due to different target market, COFCO is associated with local suppliers rather than the suppliers from different countries. The primary suppliers of the company are located in the country of China, similar to Apple, and thus making it easier for the COFCO as well to manage it supply chain network. The company is relied on the local suppliers so as to be cost effective and invest the saved money on other entrepreneurial activities. The company is focused on protecting the global resources and thus attempts to reduce its consumption of raw materials. Because of this comparatively lower consumption rate, the company has been associated with lesser number of suppliers. The company attempts to execute the lean management practices so that each of its suppliers is adequately treated and addressed. The company has also been engaged in numerous projects and strategies to ensure that each of the suppliers of the company is adequately managed and there is no dissatisfaction at either end. Conclusion and Future Apple and COFCO are quite similar in certain aspects and are different in some other. In the context of the management of strategic resources and operations, it is evident that both the companies have been adopting most suitable and best suited practices to achieve a competitive advantage in respect to sourcing of raw materials, global manufacturing strategy, their people, sustainability, global supply chains and logistics models through to delivering goods and services to customers. However, the companies differ in certain aspects, as in the supply chain network, but still the practices or strategies adopted for the management of strategic resources and operations are valid and suitable for each of the company. The companies seem to well aware of their weaknesses and strengths as each of them attempts to target different segment of consumers and markets. However, Apple Inc. needs to work more on complying with its CSR policies, whereas the COFCO needs to expand itself much more in the global market through utilizing different suppliers at different regions. Both the companies have been associated with different industries and need to think differently. The best way to attain sustainable development for Apple is offering the people with best product in competitive prices and not in premium prices. On the contrary, COFCO can attain sustainable development through expanding its product line, and rather than working in different sectors, need to concentrate its focus on most significant sections of its business. Thus, both the companies have been efficient enough to adequately manage the strategic resources and operations, but there are still some loopholes which must be addressed appropriately . References Andrews, R. (2011). The Concept of Corporate Strategy. Homewood, IL: Irwin. Anupindi, R., Chopra, S., Deshmukh, D., Van Mieghem, A. and Zemel, E. (2010). Managing Business Process Flows: Principles of Operations Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Cachon, G. and Terwiesch, C. (2011). Matching Supply with Demand: An Introduction to Operations Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Chandler, D. (2012). Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the history of industrial enterprise. New York, NY: Doubleday. Christensen, M. and Overdorf, M. (2010). Meeting the challenge of disruptive change. Harvard Business Review 78(2), 67-76. Drew, J., McCallum, B. and Roggenhofer, S. (2014). Journey to Lean: Making Organizational Change Stick. New York, NY: Palgrave, Macmillan Publishing. Van Mieghem, A. (2010). Operations Strategy: Principles and Practice. Belmont, MA:Dynamic Ideas.

Essay Research Paper - Tips and Advice

Essay Research Paper - Tips and AdviceIf you're looking for a place to get some great tips on essay research papers, you're in the right place. This article will discuss the different types of papers that students are required to write. The information contained within this article will help you be prepared for your first essay and also help you avoid common mistakes that many other essay writers make.Many students are told to avoid writing a personal essay. This is not true. Personal essays can be a great way to express your personal views on a topic. They don't have to be very long though, and they should not be more than one hundred words each.Your essay research paper can also be a report or research paper. A report is essentially a five or six page report of research that you have conducted about a certain topic. It should include links to your sources and conclusion statements. A research paper can also be just as simple but longer.Writing an essay research paper can be challen ging for students. After all, it's hard enough to get information and organize it into a well-structured essay for reading. Yet, writing a report is an entirely different challenge altogether.However, as mentioned earlier, your report should be no more than one hundred words each. This is not really very difficult, but you do need to remember that most students will never get this far. Remember, a written report is harder to read than an essay so you want to make sure you go for clarity and brevity.In addition to reports and personal essays, your essay research paper can also be a report or research paper. A report is essentially a five or six page report of research that you have conducted about a certain topic. It should include links to your sources and conclusion statements. A research paper can also be just as simple but longer.Writing an essay research paper can be daunting. However, remember that it is a project that you are going to be working on for several years so you nee d to start on it with as much preparation as possible. You should make sure that you are well-prepared before beginning to write your first paper.You should make sure that you understand the requirements that are going to be placed upon you for submitting your work. There are plenty of different types of essays to choose from and each of them requires its own set of guidelines. Make sure that you understand these guidelines before you begin the task of writing your essay research paper.